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Memory formation requires the establishment of new connections between nerve cells, part of a process known as long-term potentiation.
In the hippocampus, learning and short-term memory formation requires synaptic molecules, such as NMDARs (N-methyl D-aspartate receptors) and CaMKII (Ca++ Calmodulin Kinase II), and multiple signaling pathways, such as Ras and PKA (Protein Kinase A) pathways (reviewed in[4]).
Long-term memory formation requires transcription, translation and epigenetic processes that control gene expression.
This suggests that the induction of the long-lasting effect of SKF-38393 on memory formation requires mTOR-dependent translational changes in the cortex.
In this learning paradigm, long-term memory formation requires N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)–type glutamate receptor activity and de novo protein synthesis in the auditory cortex during the postacquisition phase (Kraus et al. 2002; Schicknick and Tischmeyer 2006).
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Previous studies have revealed that the initial stages of memory formation require several genes involved in synaptic, transcriptional and translational mechanisms.
Environmental stress can also enhance and/or block memory formation, with long-term memory formation requiring gene activation and protein synthesis.
In 1950, Katz and Halstead first proposed that memory formation required new protein synthesis —a hypothesis that was not tested until decades later.
Electric-shock-reinforced aversive memory formation also requires specific dopaminergic neurons and the DopR1 dopamine receptor [ 5 7, 21].
The observed deficit in both hippocampus-dependent contextual fear conditioning and in cued fear memory formation which requires the amygdala suggests an impairment in the general ability to learn basic associations in the Mbd5 +/GT mice that might stem from cortical networks modulating hippocampal and amygdalar functions (Phillips & LeDoux, 1992; Tronson et al, 2012).
Some scientists think that memory formation may require a more mature grasp of language that children don't develop until they're three or four.
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