As a second cognitive indicator, we used the Global Deterioration Scale (GlobDetScale) [ 28 ], which is an observer's rating of cognitive status (1 = no memory deficit evident from interview, to 7 = very severe cognitive decline).
Specifically, learning abilities are impaired and memory deficits are evident in both types of diabetes [11].
However, MG rats made significantly more errors than shams during initial testing, and this memory deficit was still evident after 60 days (12 weeks) of testing.
However, the differentiation between apparent memory deficits due to attentional or executive impairments, and 'true' temporal-limbic storage deficits is not evident from the patients' self-reported memory complaints, and this requires detailed questioning or cognitive testing to delineate.
Like older adults, people with brain injury or stroke show difficulties with postural balance, exhibit gait insecurities when performing dual-tasks and have cognitive deficits evident in working memory, attention, and information-processing [ 35, 38].
Taken together, these results indicate that TgIE96 animals presented evident spatial learning and memory deficits as compared with their littermate controls.
The diagnosis of dementia is made on evidence of memory deficits plus one other cognitive deficit.
As cognitive and memory deficits progress, speech and language deficits become more evident and disabling (Groves-Wright et al 2004).
Tc1 mice display a number of these additional traits with deficits evident in a number of learning and memory paradigms (Morice et al. 2008; O'Doherty et al. 2005).
Moreover, evidence of higher spatial working memory errors for MG as compared to sham subjects was evident even after 60 days (12 weeks) of continuous testing – suggesting that spatial working memory deficits in rats with bilateral cortical microgyria are surprisingly persistent.
