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Increasing the inflammatory response by exogenous administration of IFNγ, PolyI C or CpG did not affect memory conversion in the late transferred group, suggesting that the diverging antigen load early versus later during acute infection had determined their fate.
In the present study, naïve TCR transgenic LCMV-specific P14 CD8 T cells engaged at a late stage during the acute antiviral LCMV response showed reduced expansion kinetics but greater memory conversion in the spleen.
It is evident from the results discussed above that the majority of naïve T cells recruited late during the immune response displayed a higher degree of memory conversion in the spleen.
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In summary, our results support that sufficient and effective memory conversion could be achieved in vivo even at a reduced antigen dose, providing important implications for vaccine design.
Initially we hypothesized that their greater memory conversion was either due to differences in i) antigen load (less cumulative antigen exposure over time ii) inflammatory stimuli/activation status of the APCs or iii) due to greater IL-7Rα levels expressed by P14 cells entering the response at a later stage.
Our results suggest an inverse correlation between the degree of antigen-specific expansion and memory conversion for CD8 T cells, which may aid in the development of more effective vaccines and perhaps the treatment of autoimmune, CD8-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Finally, a farming environment was associated with lower proportions of FOXP3+CD25high T cells in early infancy and to a more prominent T cell memory conversion and cytokine production.
In addition, full differentiation into effector cells is not prerequisite for memory conversion [39].
As shown in Fig. S1, treatment with any of these three regiments did not alter memory conversion.
In parallel to these experiments, we were able to recapitulate the enhanced memory conversion of P14 early transferred naïve CD8 T cells after recombinant IL-7 treatment as previously described (30) (data not shown).
The local offset gathers need to be computed for all lateral locations, but there is no need to store them in memory, because conversion to angles happens on the fly.
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