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A Morris water maze was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory as described previously [64].
On the 7th day after ischemia onset, the Morris water maze test was performed to test spatial learning and memory as described previously by our laboratory and others [23] [25].
After 7 days, the mice were returned to the same chamber for a 5 minute session in which the first 2 minutes were used to assess remote contextual memory and a single tone/shock pair was delivered at minute 4. The mice were returned to their home cage for 30 minutes and then re-tested for short-term memory as described above but without the foot-shock.
We assessed memory as described in detail for rats (Williamson et al. 2011), but with slight modifications for mice (see Supplemental Material, pp. 5 6).
While it is tempting to think that GluA1 is necessary for spatial working memory as described by Olton et al. (1979), and thus provides a model of working memory disorders in humans, it is important to consider alternative explanations for alternation behavior in rodents.
Specifically, the COMT Val carriers, with high enzyme activity, may have reduced dopamine levels in several brain regions and specifically in the prefrontal cortex, leading to a decrease in D1 receptors activation with subsequent impairment in cognitive tasks, such as working memory, as described in patients and healthy individuals [ 52].
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Associative learning and contextual fear memory were assessed as described.
Briefly, cognitive assessment was performed according to routine procedures utilized at the Fundació ACE Memory Clinic (Barcelona, Spain), as described elsewhere [ 14].
The episodic-like memory task was performed as described by Kart-Teke et al. (2006) with modifications as described below.
Memory T cells were identified by memory markers as described [32].
As our mixed-method systematic review had flagged memory impairment as an epilepsy-specific issue, we set out to specifically look for the impact of memory impairment as described by children, young people and their parents.
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