During the entry to the target cell E protein undergoes pH-induced conformational switch into fusogenic state that drives fusion of virion and cell membranes with consequent release of the viral genome into cytoplasm.
PpIX is generated in the mitochondria, re-distributed over the cytoplasm and into membranes with consequent damage of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
GA is believed to cause irreversible changes in membrane properties through hydrophobicity changes, decrease of negative surface charge and occurrence of local rupture or pore formation in the cell membranes with consequent leakage of essential intracellular constituents [ 18].
Subsequent treatment of LBs with Na2CO3 further enhanced purity: sodium carbonate stripping greatly reduced the content of actin (Figure 1C) and Clic5 (not shown) in the LB and limiting membrane fractions with consequent enrichment in the stripping buffer.
These transport channels have an influence on membrane structure and integrity and HIV binding to these transport channels may explain some of the mechanisms that contribute to membrane instability with consequent haemolysis and cytopaenias in HIV patients.
A central hypothesis involving the mitochondria focuses on an effect of hyperglycaemia providing increased reducing equivalents to the electron transport chain, resulting in a higher membrane potential, with consequent flow of electrons between coenzyme Q and complex III, forming superoxides in the mitochondrial matrix.
Selective degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria occurs through the stabilization of PINK1 on the outer membrane, with the consequent recruitment of PARK2.
The breakdown of phospholipids causes severe changes in the structural and functional integrity of the plasmatic membrane with a consequent influx of calcium ions [ 62], release of calcium-dependent proteases [ 63], activation of endogenous PLA2s [ 64], and mitochondrial collapse [ 65].
These events lead to lipid peroxide formation and destruction of cell membranes with the consequent testis injury [ 33].
Once autophagosomes are formed, their outer membranes fuse with lysosomes, with consequent disintegration of the inner autophagosomal membranes and degradation of the contents of autophagosomes by lysosomal enzymes.
