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The concentration profiles of the different species in the membrane were obtained using XPS.
The partition coefficients of the imidazolium cations between water and the membrane were obtained.
By analyzing the Raman spectra as a function of the membrane depth in an operating PEFC, the λR distributions in the membrane were obtained under different temperature, humidification, current density and gas-flow rate conditions.
Diffusion coefficients of counter ions (Cl− and NO3−) in the membrane were determined from a mathematical model based on the Nernst Planck diffusion convection theory: the mean diffusion coefficients in the membrane were obtained by fitting the (conductivity vs. concentration) curves with the Nernst Planck equation.
Autoradiographic images of the membrane were obtained using a GE Healthcare Typhoon 8600 phosphorimager and quantitated using ImageQuant 5.2 software (GE Healthcare, Buckinghampshire, UK).
4 15% Tris-HCl Ready Gel Precast gels and Trans-Blot® nitrocellulose membrane were obtained from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA).
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Finally, a through-hole membrane was obtained.
After ambient drying and carbonization, a carbon membrane was obtained.
Finally, the PANI/TPU nanofibrous membrane was obtained after drying for 48 h at room temperature.
Based on the test data, a new water vapor transfer coefficient for Nafion membrane was obtained.
After the anodization, the AAO membrane was obtained by etching away the underlying aluminum substrates with HgCl2 solution.
More suggestions(15)
barrier were obtained
mucosa were obtained
disk were obtained
envelope were obtained
bladder were obtained
wall were obtained
lamina were obtained
layer were obtained
membrane were analysed
membrane were calculated
membrane were visualized
membrane were placed
membrane were removed
membrane were tested
membrane were formed
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