Moskowitz's lab discovered the system at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge in the 1980s, when they traced a group of fine nerve fibers radiating from blood vessels in the meninges delicate membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord to the trigeminal nerve, which innervates the face, head, and jaw.
The lipid-rich membrane bilayer that envelops the cell wall creates unique physiochemical barriers to antibacterial penetration into the interior of the cells.
Fusion of the microvilli-like structures forming membrane leaflets that envelop the invading hyphal cells is indicated by the red arrow; damaged cell debris is indicated by the white arrow; pseudohyphae elements "engulfed" into vaginal epithelial cells are indicated by yellow arrows; a budding spore is indicated by blue arrows.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03145.001 The interior of living cells is separated from their external environment by an enveloping membrane that serves as a protective barrier.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08712.001 Every cell is enveloped by a membrane that forms a barrier between the cell and its environment.
The microstructure of a cream before churning, characterized by CLSM, shows concentrated milk fat globules enveloped by their biological membrane that are dispersed in the aqueous phase, e.g. an oil-in-water emulsion (Fig. 7a, b).
The macrocapsules contain groups of cells enveloped together in one immunoisolating membrane that can be implanted as an extravascular and intravascular device.
Additionally, actin accumulates in a planar membrane extension that envelops all the extracellular EBs, generating a complex macropinosome-like structure that may trap the EBs prior to internalization (Fig. 5A and C E, Fig. S6, Movie S4).
In enveloped viruses, the nucleocapsid, also called virion, is surrounded by a plasma membrane that protects the viruses from external factors.
This response is entirely dependent on the serosa, an extraembryonic epithelium that envelops yolk and embryo.
