For example, depositing TiO2 nanoparticles onto aromatic polyamide RO membrane surfaces showed an excellent antibacterial fouling potential and this is confirmed by Madaeni and Ghaemi (Madaeni and Ghaemi 2007) who created a self-cleaning RO membrane using TiO2 as a coating.
The resulting membrane surfaces show degree of grafting increases of 28%, 94%, and 270% for methyl methacrylate (C1), hexyl methacrylate (C6), and stearyl methacrylate (C18), respectively, when characterized with Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.
The membrane surface charge showed that the blended membrane has the highest charge at low and high pH with iso-electric point at pH 3 while there is no iso-electric point obtained for a controlled membrane.
In the presence of SDF-1α, the unlabeled MSCs migrated more easily to the lower membrane surface and showed a 2.21 ± 0.53-fold increase in migrated cell number than that in the absence of SDF-1α (* p < 0.01), demonstrating SDF-1α-tropic migration of MSCs.
Another feature was the very rough edges of the pore walls, which protruded up from the membrane surface as shown in Figure 1 d).
The greater surface roughness present in the Anodisc membrane was further enhanced by the AFM analysis which revealed the saw-like pore walls protruding from the membrane surface as shown in Figure 1(f).
Due to the high content of PVP segments immobilized in membrane surface, the membrane showed much better and more persistent hydrophilicity than the conventional PVDF/PVP blend membranes, as demonstrated by Atom Force Microscopy (AFM) and water contact angle measurement results.
Membrane surface biotinylation assays showed that surface expression of Kv12.2 was significantly increased by KCNE1 and KCNE3 siRNA, whereas total protein expression of Kv12.2 was not affected.
Compared to unprocessed membranes, fluorinated membranes showed surface morphology changes such as enhanced porosity and rigidity.
