During the performance, at every 15 min time interval, process parameters such as membrane stack potential, pH (in AC, BC, EC, and FC), and acid base concentration of the solutions (in AC and BC) were determined by means of digital multimeters, pH meter (Hanna HI 96107 pocket size pH meter), and standard acid base titration procedure, respectively.
The REED membrane stack was built of 1 cell pair (915 cm2) and was equipped with anion-exchange (AX-REED) membranes to transport anions.
This set-up has four parameters, namely the PFR volume, the different volumes of two CSTRs for describing the hold-up zones before the membrane stack (the hold-up zones behind the stack are symmetrically modeled), and the volumetric flow fraction between the two membrane zones.
The virtual zones of the membrane stack are described by several instances of a conventional membrane chromatography model.
Figure 3a illustrates the modeling approach for a configuration with three virtual zones for the hold-up volumes before and behind the membrane stack as well as for the membrane stack itself.
Each virtual zone of the membrane stack is described by an instance of the same mass-balance equation (Eq. 1).
The membranes are utilized under varied pressures in assembled membrane stacks for water treatment, energy conversion, and storage devices.
Finally, in jawed vertebrates, the membrane stacking is exquisitely organized in both cones and rods.
Only ER membrane structures containing more than four membrane stacks were considered to be whorls and used for area measurements.
PSII phosphorylation controls membrane stacking and lateral movements of the membrane components, which consequently may regulate processes such as PSII repair, plastoquinone diffusion and membrane biogenesis.
