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This plasma membrane protrusion appears similar to those seen at the early stages of cilium formation in young control spermatocytes (A. D. Tates, PhD thesis; Riparbelli et al., 2012).
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The extent of membrane movements was not reduced but the structures of membrane protrusions appeared to be much different from the GFP-Sec13 cells (movie S2).
In particular, the nanogold particles were associated with smaller curved vesicles or areas where membrane protrusions appeared to be forming.
We also previously noted that membrane protrusions appear opposite the site of centriole docking in the CTL synapse [ 12], and these resemble the protrusions observed as primary cilia form [ 17, 18].
RANTES/CCL5 treatment of co-transfected endothelial cells exerts no effect on cells transfected with empty plasmid but induces membrane localization of Ds-Red PKCα and SDC4WT-GFP, especially visible in areas where membrane protrusions appear distinctly, suggesting the membrane translocation of PKCα leading to its activation (Fig. 5C; supplementary material Movie 2).
JAIL are actin-driven and ARP2/3-N-WASP-controlled small plasma membrane protrusions appearing at gaps between VE-cadherin clusters, such that JAIL form new VE-cadherin adhesion plaques that cluster during JAIL retraction and subsequently become incorporated into the junctions.
Morphologically, dendritic spines appear to be micrometer-sized membrane protrusion from the neuronal dendrites; functionally they serve as compartments for post-synaptic molecules.
Each front promotes actin polymerization and membrane protrusion, leading to increased membrane tension, which in turn appears to inhibit GTPase activation.
The vRNA and viral core proteins leave the nucleus and enter this membrane protrusion (step 6).
CFP-Rac1 localized broadly at the membrane protrusion (Figure 1B).
Analysis of kymographs showed that membrane protrusion velocity was decreased and protrusion lifetime was increased at acidic pH, as compared to pH 7.4 (Figure S3).
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