It has been previously shown that even when phage and bacterial lysins are deleted, phage induction decreases cell viability as phages express holins that collapse the cell membrane potential resulting in host cell death [32].
CCCP dissipates the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria and Parkin-dependent mitophagy (8).
In the late 1990s, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in an increase in cytosolic calcium was one mechanism elucidated by which loss of mitochondrial DNA activates signaling pathways [ 6].
It is traditional view that the activation of KATP channels shortens action membrane potential resulting in decreased influx of Ca2+ and prevention of Ca2+ overload [30].
It is known that increase in intracellular calcium might be one of the factors responsible for disrupting the mitochondrial membrane potential resulting finally into cell apoptosis [ 36- 39].
The intrinsic apoptotic pathway involves the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in cytochrome c release and subsequent caspase activation [ 9].
Interestingly, other pore-forming alpha toxin from Staphylococcus aureus has been shown to induce massive necrosis without having apoptotic process, while EPEC was shown to disrupt the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in the release of cytochrome c and apoptosis.
But the low membrane potential resulting from the astrocytes being less able to maintain low extracellular K+ concentrations in the ADHD condition will diminish the electromotive drive for Na+ influx and thereby hamper removal of glutamate from the extracellular fluid [ 93, 99, 100].
Notably, induction of apoptosis by external or internal stimuli leads to perturbed mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in release of cytochrome c to cytosol that ultimately leads to caspase activation, nuclear fragmentation and apoptosis (Orrenius et al, 2007; Ansari et al, 2009).
On the other hand, in our case, we observe that cinnamon extract, which contains a mixture of polyphenols together with cinnamaldehyde as the major bioactive component, plays a therapeutic role in cervical cancer cells through depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential resulting into cellular apoptosis.
