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In several brain areas and functional conditions sustained oscillations of the membrane potential have been observed.
Among this class of genetically encoded biosensors, reporters for membrane potential have been a particular challenge.
ProP also responds to ionic strength but additional factors such as hydration or macromolecular crowding and recently the membrane potential have been implicated in the osmotic regulation of transport [7], [10].
During the last decade, several designs of genetically-encoded optical probes for membrane potential have been explored but only one design, referred to as VSFPs, has been proven to provide a reliable voltage report in mammalian cells so far [1] [4].
However, the effects of high-salt diet on Na+ and Ca2+ gradients and membrane potential have not been determined.
Similar changes in plasma membrane potential have not been seen in pollen tubes (Messerli et al. 1999; Messerli and Robinson 2003).
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This is −∞ if the membrane potential has never been reset.
The loss of mitochondrial membrane potential has been considered as a critical stage in the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway [9].
We define τ k ( t, ω ) as the last time before t where neuron k's membrane potential has been reset, in the raster ω.
When the mitochondria was attacked by drugs, its permeability was enhanced and membrane potential had been decreased, thus leading to endometrial swelling of mitochondrial membrane and the rapid release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm [18 20].
The probability that the neuron has not yet fired at time t, 1-G tt)), is equal to the probability that the membrane potential has not yet reached (x_{mathrm{th}}), (F(x_{mathrm{th}}, t)).
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