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The entropy production rate is increased in cancer cells and is characteristic of irreversible processes driven by changes in heat production, Gibbs energy, intracellular acidity, ionic conductance, membrane potential gradient [5].
This STAT3-dependent difference in superoxide generation was also diminished with the uncoupling agent, FCCP, suggesting a dependence on the mitochondrial membrane potential gradient.
This dye is known to distribute between bacterial cells and the surrounding medium, depending on the membrane potential gradient [ 4].
In this assay, DiSC3 5) localizes in the bacterial membrane according to the intact membrane potential gradient, where the fluorescence is self-quenched (55, 56).
Uncoupler proteins (UCPs) are normally lipophilic weak acids that are capable of lowering the membrane potential gradient and may reduce the production of O2− from the mitochondria.
MitoQ makes use of the TPP ion to accumulate into the organelle by virtue of the mitochondrial membrane potential gradient, and then blocks ROS release.
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Studies done on the electrophoretic mobilities of liposomes with a pH gradient (proton gradient) across their membrane may be relevant to explain the connections between membrane potential (chemical gradient) and their electrophoretic mobilities.
The transport is driven by three forces, the proton gradient, the membrane potential, and the substrate gradient.
It contributes to the generation of membrane potential and proton gradient used for cellular energy production (ATP).
Taken together, they are responsible for the maintenance of the membrane potential and proton gradient, which allows ATP synthesis without the need for a respiratory chain.
The proton motive force (PMF) has two components, membrane potential and proton gradient (ΔpH) (PMF,Δp = ΔΨ − 59 ΔpH).
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