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This indicated that compound 4c can induce mitochondrial membrane potential disruption in Hep-G2 cells.
The analysis revealed that seed extract has more potent membrane potential disruption activity which indicates its antimicrobial potential.
It results in the collapse of the plasma membrane potential, disruption of ion transport processes, and the depletion of the levels of intracellular ATP [8 10].
The membrane potential disruption potential of some plants is reported such as Gracilaria tenuistipitata methanolic extract had reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential in MEGT-treated Ca9-22 cellsr cells (Yeh et al. 2012).
Membrane potential disruption (depolarization) was achieved by two classic methods: addition of high concentrations of extracellular K+ (high [K+]out), or addition of the Na+/K+ ATPase blocker ouabain.
Mitochondrial membrane potential disruption leads to the release of cytochrome C into the cytoplasm.
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The disruption of membrane potential, disturbance of proton gradient, and oxidative stress are all symptoms caused by the second mechanism of action that has been described for the herbicide (Powles and Holtum 1994).
Pretreatment of macrophages with either caspase-8 inhibitor Z-IETD-fmk or pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk had no effect on the onset of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) disruption induced by MIP supernatant (Fig. 2c).
Similarly, cholines were also decreased, reflecting a potential disruption in membrane integrity.
Further mechanistic explorations revealed that NPs did not cause a disruption of membrane potential, whereas positive control CCCP perturbed membrane potential in E. coli (Supplementary Fig. 12).
The fluorescence spectroscopy, flow cytometry, and electron microscopy observations indicated that the optimized sequences exhibited excellent antimicrobial potency by inducing cytoplasmic membrane potential loss, membrane permeabilization and disruption.
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