Bacteria may adopt various strategies to enhance the resistance to antibiotics, including the following: efflux pumps that can remove therapeutic levels of antibiotics; drug degradation or modification; reduced membrane permeability; altered target sites or metabolic pathway (reviewed by [21]).
Analyzing the H2O2-induced apoptotic process in human-derived neuroblastoma cells, we demonstrated that the addition of rALR in the culture medium normalizes LPO, protein carbonylation and mitochondrial membrane permeability altered by the presence of H2O2.
At low concentrations, detergents produce changes in cell membrane permeability, thus altering the function of the respiratory system in aquatic species (Sobrino-Figueroa 2013).
In order to confirm the involvement of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, we investigated the effects of excessive iron on Cytochrome c, a protein released when mitochondrial membrane permeability is altered, involved in apoptosis initiation, and APAF1, an adapter protein responsible for the formation of apoptosome and activation of pro-caspases in the intrinsic pathway.
Alternatively, changes in membrane permeability could alter the intracellular milieu, such as apoptosis volume decrease [ 40], leading to caspase activation.
Specifically, it is thought that their function in sterol metabolism may influence membrane permeability to alter ion homeostasis [ 19].
Consequently, during early ARDS, when membrane permeability is already altered, any maneuver causing increased cardiac output, e.g., awake patient, non-invasive ventilation, and spontaneous breathing, might worsen edema.
These results are supported by the observation that terpenes alter cell permeability causing changes in membrane properties and functions by increasing membrane fluidity and altering membrane permeability [ 19].
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) induce cytotoxicity by altering membrane permeability.
Methanol could enhance the CA secretion by altering membrane permeability.
