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Particularly, Sunarpi et al. ([2005]) indicated using the anti-AtHKT1 1 anti-AtHKT1 1ody that AtHKT1;1 localizes at the peptidemembrantibodyylem parenchyma cells known as a key cell layer conthatling the flux of wAtHKT1 1 solocalizesthe xylem streat, demonstheting that AtHKT1;1 is a crucial factor in Na+ reabsorplasmafromembranelem vessel (Figure 4b).
Ren et al. (2005) also showed that OsHKT1 5 mediates Na+ unloading from xylem vessels at the plasma membrane of xylem parenchyma cells, namely OsHKT1 5 mediated sodium exclusion from leaves or shoots (Ren et al., 2005), which has been widely accepted (Ren et al. 2005; Negrão et al. 2011).
It has been demonstrated that AtHKT1 1 is localized at the plasma membrane of xylem parenchyma cells in the shoots [ 62].
In plant roots, anion movement across the plasma membrane of xylem parenchyma cells for loading to xylem vessels occurs through unidentified anion channels with fast and slow activation kinetics (X-QUAC and X-SLAC respectively) [ 17].
Strigolactone has been found to trigger depletion of the auxin transporter PIN1 from the plasma membrane of xylem parenchyma cells in the stem within 10 minutes of treatment, before any changes in gene expression [ 21].
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The fact that salt-tolerant genotypes possess lower xylem-sap Cl− contents compared to salt-sensitive genotypes [7 10] indicates that membrane transport proteins at the sites of xylem loading contribute to plant salinity tolerance via selective chloride exclusion.
Additionally, there are abundant, closely bound helices of MTs lying against the plasma membrane of developing secondary xylem cells, as well as circles of MTs at the pit borders of xylem vessels.
A specific feature of these vessels is that they are interconnected by channels, called bordered pits, which allow the passage of xylem sap but block the passage of larger objects due to the presence of a pit membrane.
"I think the technologies [we need] exist today," says Jayanthi Iyengar of Xylem.
Homo sapiens, in its collective unconscious, has always apprehended the dark potential of xylem and phloem.
The production and development of xylem tissue in the steles of most pteridophyte roots is diarch; that is, the first matured xylem appears along two lines at the outer periphery of the xylem strand.
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