High-resolution B-mode evidence of IJV stenosis or malformations (septum, valve malformation, flap, membrane and annulus).
Women < 18 years of age, women with a previous preterm birth < 34 weeks or symptoms of threatened preterm labour (uterine contractions, ruptured membranes), fetal congenital malformations and cervical or abdominal cerclage in situ will be excluded.
Similarly, while a number of trafficking-related human pathologies have been reported (Aridor and Hannan, 2000; Aridor and Hannan, 2002; Boyadjiev et al., 2006; Hughes and Stephens, 2008; Lang et al., 2006) we have a poor understanding of how defects in membrane trafficking lead to developmental malformations or disease states.
HHT is a vascular disorder characterised primarily by spontaneous and recurrent epistaxis, telangiectasia on the skin and mucosal membranes, and visceral arteriovenous malformations.
Moreover, a history of RPL increases the risk of a variety of adverse obstetric outcomes in a subsequent ongoing pregnancy, including preterm delivery, premature preterm rupture of membranes, placenta praevia, low birth weight and congenital malformation [3].
The defects in membrane growth and cortical membrane compartmentalisation might be consequences of a malformation of the furrow canal and the bAJ.
Exclusion criteria were the presence of known preoperative renal dysfunction (need for preoperative dialysis or presence of renal malformations), preoperative chronic (<14 days) LD administration, need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at PCICU admission, and time of admission to the PCICU >60 minutes.
These include thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, increased glomerular cellularity [41] but also increased mesangial matrix deposition and severe malformations of the distal nephrons (personal observation).
These mice develop many of the brain malformations associated with severe forms of dystroglycanopathy, including disruption of the basement membrane and aberrant neuronal migration in the cerebrum and cerebellum [ 4, 40, 41].
These pregnancies are also at a much higher risk of adverse outcomes including premature rupture of membranes (PROM), placental abruption, placental previa, preterm delivery, Apgar scores <7 at 5 min, low birthweight, congenital malformation, and chorioamnionitis [3].
