LC3-II localizes both to the outer and inner autophagic membrane where it resides until degradation of the cargo and the inner autophagic membrane.
In addition, it also faces the challenge of importing and exporting molecules across the parasitophorous vacuole membrane within which it resides and across the infected host cell plasma membrane (Hanssen et al., 2010; Gruring et al., 2011).
Indeed, differences in observed diffusion rates for bound CTB may reflect the identity of the CTB ligand, rather than the fluidity of the membrane in which it resides.
It resides in the ER membrane and levels of cellular lipids regulate its cleavage and translocation to the nucleus, where it activates a number of genes involved in lipid synthesis [14], [15].
Additional experiments revealed that Udx1 is only present in the egg and that it resides on the membrane the site of the peroxide activity.
In keeping with this observation, soluble TNF-α, which preferentially activates p55r, has potent osteoclastogenic properties whereas those of its membrane-residing precursor, which recognizes p75r, are negligible.
gL lacks a membrane anchor and resides in the virion envelope by virtue of its association with gH [13].
Since this region is very hydrophobic, it has been proposed that the apex is essential for anchoring the antibody to the viral membrane where MPER resides.
Because Buchnera endosymbionts with a two- membrane envelope reside in symbiosomal vacuoles, which are a part of the host ES, it is very likely that some vesicles fuse with their surrounding membrane.
The center area of this square where the graphene membrane resides appears to have very little deformation in comparison to the edges, sufficient for imaging bilayers.
