Afterward, TEM was employed to investigate the effects of peptide treatment on membrane integrity and intracellular changes in E. coli.
Lipid peroxidation can disrupt cellular membrane integrity leading to changes in its fluidity and permeability [ 29].
This deficiency results in hepatocyte degeneration, suggesting a 2-hit mechanism whereby mutant hepatocytes cannot accommodate the lipid disturbances and altered membrane integrity arising from changes in phospholipid/lipid metabolism.
For this, we used the Lysotracker green retention as an indicator of lysosome membrane integrity and membrane potential changes.
In this study, the ΔΨm in magnolol-treated GBC cells was examined using rhodamine 123, which can be used to estimate membrane integrity and membrane potential changes.
These damages result in the loss of membrane integrity, structural and functional changes in proteins, and gene mutations [ 2].
Since a reduction of antioxidant enzymes leads to an increase in free radical products[ 24, 25, 30- 32], especially malondialdehyde (MDA) that damages membrane integrity, we compared the changes in cortical MDA in all groups.
The cell surface marker analysis (Fig. 6) generated similar data as previously reported for shear studies of the same cell lines (McCoy et al., 2009) where loss of cell membrane integrity exceeds considerably any change in the presence of surface markers.
However, it should be noted that the release of H+, Ca2+, and lysosomotropic dyes does not necessarily reflect a change in membrane integrity, but could merely be due to a change in ion pump activity.
membrane degradation (loss of physical integrity, changes in color, etc).
