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Animal lipocalins have been suggested to have a role in restoring membrane integrity caused by oxidative stress, likely by their binding to fatty acids [ 23].
These increase of the size observed in the Figure 9 may be due to alterations in membrane integrity caused by AqF, which may lead to changes in cell osmolarity without the occurrence of lysis in the observed images.
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This in turn leads to oxidation of biomolecules which are vital for cellular functions and membrane integrity causing cell death through stimulating of downstream events of apoptosis.
These results indicate that the destruction of membrane integrity causes the decreased cell vitality after treatment with the peptide.
The successfully fertilized eggs are exposed to excess oviduct protease activity that disrupts ZP and plasma membrane integrity, causing protease-mediated embryo lysis that may also be promoted by antimicrobial peptides.
It has often been reported that increased ROS formation by DCA treatment can also profoundly impact mitochondrial membrane integrity causing a reduction in the Δ ψm and subsequent initiation of apoptosis in several cancers (Bonnet et al, 2007; Michelakis et al, 2008, 2010; Stockwin et al, 2010; Ziebart et al, 2010).
The disruption of the membrane structure and raft integrity, caused by a decrease in the level of membrane cholesterol, interferes with execution of cellular functions, including reorganisation of the actin network [ 66, 69].
We showed that HAMLET bound membranes at physiological pH, and as a result, perturbed the membrane integrity and caused leakage of vesicular contents to the exterior.
Translated Fst peptide was shown to affect cell membrane integrity and caused defects in cell division and chromosome segregation (46).
In addition, a common denominator of extracellular ATP activating NLRP3 has the ability to form membrane pores that induce damage of membrane integrity or cause perturbation of the intracellular ion concentration [ 22].
Thus, the osmotic shock can induce disruption of organelles and loss of membrane integrity, and cause cell injuries and death [ 18, 46– 46].
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