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Fast (ms) synaptic vesicular membrane fusion proceeds by rearrangement of multiple copies of the trans-membrane SNAP/SNARE complexes (Takamori et al., 2006; Hernandez et al., 2014), docked in a poised state analogous to the fusion-loop inserted, extended E-protein intermediate.
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Our AFM compression measurements revealed that SNARE-mediated membrane fusion proceeded through a sequence of two ∼5 nm collapses of the membrane, an observation that is consistent with the existence of a hemifused state during the fusion process.
Cellular membrane fusion is thought to proceed through intermediates including docking of apposed lipid bilayers, merging of proximal leaflets to form a hemifusion diaphragm, and fusion pore opening.
Thus these chimeric H proteins sustain the ability to interact with the targeted receptor, and can proceed to membrane fusion by cooperating with the F protein.
Membrane fusion is a complex process assumed to proceed via a stalk intermediate, with many steps contributing to the activation energy for fusion (Jahn and Grubmuller, 2002; Kozlovsky and Kozlov, 2002).
Contrary to some theories of membrane fusion, the fastest fusion events did not begin or proceed via a discernible hemifusion intermediate state.
The viral protein HIVgp41 is an attractive and validated drug target that proceeds through a sequence of conformational changes crucial for membrane fusion, which facilitates viral entry.
Membrane fusion has also been found in every other animal studied, including mammals.
(A) Probable conformational change of HEF2 during membrane fusion.
(B) Hypothetical scheme for the HEF-catalyzed membrane fusion mechanism.
However, membrane fusion was still not detected (Fig. 5B).
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