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Western blotting results indicated that a detectable degree of basal level of membrane form was observed in untreated cells; furthermore, the level of ARF6 in membrane fraction was increased after 30 min of CpG ODN stimulation (Fig. 3).
A membrane form was subsequently identified in humans and its similarity with non-primate attractin, and the absence of secreted attractin in non-primates, suggest that the membrane-tethered form is the main functional entity [ 61].
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Interpenetration networks (IPNs) in membrane form were synthesized from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and chitosan (pHEMA/chitosan) via UV-initiated photo-polymerization in the presence of an initiator α,α'-azoisobutyronitrile.
Ectodomain shedding of cell membrane forms is mediated by certain members of the ADAM [ a disintegrin and metalloproteinase] proteinase family [ 3].
Cytosolic and membrane forms are different with respect to sensitivity to inhibitors, relative molecular mass, affinities for the peptide substrate and the presence of a hydrophobic membrane anchor [ 33, 34].
The membrane pellet formed was isolated and separated from other organelle membranes on a self forming Percoll gradient, and the mixture was centrifuged at 10 000 g for 30 min at 4°C.
This membrane-bound form is most common in postnatal skeletal muscle [3], [4].
Presence of biologically-active molecules in two soluble forms, a proteinase-cleaved and exosomal membrane-bound form, is not a new phenomenon.
These results suggest that presenting M2 on VLPs in a membrane-anchored form is a promising approach for developing broadly cross protective influenza vaccines.
In mammals, the conversion of LC3B from LC3B-I (free form) to LC3B-II (membrane-bound form) is regarded as a key step in the induction of autophagy [16] [17].
Soluble RCAS1, rather than the membrane-anchored form, is mainly responsible for inducing immune cell apoptosis.
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