The reviews cover important critical parameters that are often optimized in a supported liquid membrane extraction technique in both flat sheet and hollow fibre designs for ionizable organic molecules.
Beyond extraction techniques, novel membrane-based processes could offer an alternative avenue of investigation [ 23, 24].
Current methods encompass enriching centrifugation and extraction techniques [ 81], coating of plasma membranes using silica beads [ 82, 83], affinity-based approaches (e.g. lectin- and antibody-based protocols) [ 84– 86], cell surface 'shaving' [ 87] of intact cells with proteases, and methods that chemically tag surface proteins such as biotinylation [ 88] and glycoprotein capturing [ 89– 92].
A mixture of different approaches will ultimately provide higher coverage of the surface proteome, as illustrated by a recent study on human pancreatic islets in which a combination of different extraction techniques increased the total to 343 identified membrane proteins [ 93].
Dozens of other ideas are floating around: reviving nuclear energy, fusion, new coal extraction techniques and so on.
In this paper, a new liquid membrane technique, hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane (HFRLM), is presented, which is based on the surface renewal theory, and integrates the advantages of fiber membrane extraction, liquid film permeation and other liquid membrane processes.
Microfluidic membrane extraction using a conventional hollow fiber membrane is presented for continuous, on-line extraction of arsenic.
For membrane extraction, fresh tissue samples were used according to the manufacturer's protocol (Plasma Membrane Protein Extraction Kit, BioVision, Mountain View, USA).
Implementations of membrane extraction are diverse, encompassing different types of membranes, module designs and configurations.
