MIBI is distributed on the mitochondrial membrane in relation to the electrical gradient [3, 4].
Approximately 90%% of MIBI accumulates on the mitochondrial membrane in relation to its electrical gradient [3, 30].
The change in membrane potential to basolateral negative generates an electrical gradient that aids cation partitioning across the membrane (Fletcher et al., 2000).
It is assumed that the fast component (I1) (~10-100 ms) reflects transient formation of the electrical gradient across the membrane, likely, due to generation of charge pairs in PSI (P700+[Fe-S]−).
It means that the steady-state level of mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides depends on the inner membrane proton electrochemical gradient composed of the membrane electrical potential and delta pH.
The observed reduction of the electrical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, defective ATP synthesis and podocyte apoptosis could be the result of this type of mitochondrial oxidative stress.
According to Peter Michell's chemiosmotic theory, the H+ motive force (Δ p) for driving F1F0-ATP synthase consists of a transmembrane pH gradient (ΔpH) (intracellular pH minus extracellular pH) and a membrane electrical potential (−, inside; +, outside) [ 16].
In addition, hyperpolarization provides the electrical gradient necessary for Na+-dependent transport of metabolic substrates and ions across the plasma membrane, which is required for DNA synthesis.
In the collecting duct, the ENaC resides on the apical membrane of principal cells and mediates sodium reabsorption without chloride, increasing the lumen electronegativity and creating an electrical gradient that promotes potassium and hydrogen ions secretion into the urine.
The strong elongational flow field, electrical gradient and thermodynamics of solvent evaporation and polymer phase separation all contribute to production of fibers with fine diameters, high concentration of active components at the fiber surface and membrane structures ranging from random to well aligned.
