In terms of brine management we highlighted reinjection, brine concentration ponds, membrane techniques (membrane distillation, forward osmosis), thermal methods, electrodialysis, electrodialysis reversal, bipolar membrane electrodialysis, wind assisted intensive evaporation, membrane crystallization, eutectic freeze crystallization and vapor compression.
Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging thermal separation technique, using a hydrophobic microporous membrane.
Vacuum membrane distillation was investigated as a possible alternative technique for the removal of volatile organic compounds from contaminated water.
Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) is an attractive thermal based desalination technique because of its potential to provide high rejection rates, simple construction and low construction cost.
Membrane Distillation (MD) is a thermally driven membrane separation technique that is used for water desalination by separating water vapor from feed salty/brackish water using micro-porous hydrophobic membrane.
A simple phase inversion technique to fabricate hydrophobic microporous films for membrane distillation (MD) is presented.
The advantages and limitations of key fabrication and module-design techniques are examined, before three of the most innovative membrane contactor operations – membrane distillation (MD), osmotic membrane distillation and crystallisation – are investigated in depth.
Those methods include boiling, granular activated-carbon filtering, distillation, reverse osmosis, and direct contact membrane distillation.
There's also membrane distillation, which uses both heat and membranes.
The membrane processes include reverse osmosis, membrane distillation and electrodialysis.
