Hence, the continuous membrane distillation crystallization (CMDC) process was studied for a high concentration (close to saturation) feed solution.
In this paper, various crystallization techniques in wastewater treatment are summarized, mainly including evaporation crystallization, cooling crystallization, reaction crystallization, drowning-out crystallization and membrane distillation crystallization.
Membrane distillation and crystallization (MDC) process was then altogether modeled in Aspen Plus software based on the parameter studies of the single and multi-stage AGMD model.
The current study analyzes the performance of an integrated microfiltration (MF) and direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD /membrane crystallization (MCr) system for freshwater and minerals recovery from produced water.
We have designed and investigated hollow fiber membranes with various configurations and morphologies for water and salt recovery from highly concentrated sodium chloride (NaCl) via direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) and crystallization.
Commercially less-adopted membrane operations, such as membrane distillation (MD) and membrane crystallization (MCr) are gaining significant interest for produced water treatment due to their almost concentration-independent performance and less fouling potential.
Having found the optimal process conditions for membrane distillation process, batch seeded crystallization experiment were performed to confirm the potential of membrane distillation in the generation of adequate rate and level of supersaturation.
An integration of a membrane distillation (MD) with a crystallization unit could serve as a potential way to mitigate this problem by having an almost complete water recovery and eliminating the secondary disposal problem.
The process is based on a combination of membrane distillation (MD) and osmotic distillation (OD) steps with integrated crystallization.
In terms of brine management we highlighted reinjection, brine concentration ponds, membrane techniques (membrane distillation, forward osmosis), thermal methods, electrodialysis, electrodialysis reversal, bipolar membrane electrodialysis, wind assisted intensive evaporation, membrane crystallization, eutectic freeze crystallization and vapor compression.
Those methods include boiling, granular activated-carbon filtering, distillation, reverse osmosis, and direct contact membrane distillation.
