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Membrane depolarization has been shown to be one stimulus associated with elevated blood pressure that promotes CaL channel expression at the plasma membrane.
However, its role in regulating mitochondrial outer membrane depolarization has been controversial [8], [9], [10].
Hence, heparin-induced changes of the activation current at fertilization [25], [48] may have caused the increased frequency of polyspermy, which is an established effect of heparin, as a result of the failed 'electrical block.' The fast blockade of supernumerary sperm entry by this mechanism of fertilization membrane depolarization has been also reported in starfish eggs [5].
Indeed, membrane depolarization has been shown to regulate cell migration and epithelial wound healing [ 144].
Mitochondrial membrane depolarization has been shown to precede the induction of autophagy by nutrient deprivation in hepatocytes, and the depolarized mitochondria co-localize with autophagosomes [ 177].
Specifically, targeting of Kv1.7, which represents only a small fraction of the delayed rectifying K+ channels and is primarily active upon membrane depolarization, has the advantage of lessening potential side effects compared to KATP channel inhibitors.
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Some evidence also suggests that K+ channels and membrane depolarization have an important role in regulating the death, growth, and migration of MG cells.
The mechanisms for why some SVs release rapidly and others slowly in response to membrane depolarization have been primarily attributed to the heterogeneity in their intrinsic Ca2+ sensitivities, such that a low-affinity Ca2+ sensor promotes the fast phase, while a high-affinity Ca2+ sensor supports the slow phase (Südhof, 2012a).
lncRNAs transcribed from enhancer regions upon cellular membrane depolarization (eRNA) have been linked to the elevated expression of neighboring genes in murine neural cells [ 13].
Effect of arsenic and co-treatment of arsenic and amla on mitochondrial membrane depolarization in thymus has been presented in Figure 10.
While intensive efforts have focused on the harmful effects of solar UV on an organism's DNA, perturbation of calcium signals by way of solar induced cell membrane depolarization may also have consequential effects for numerous organisms, aquatic and terrestrial, and require further attention.
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