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Membrane degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells often results in pinhole formation, which does not force an immediate fuel cell shutdown, as the performance is still good and the gas crossover is moderate for low membrane defect densities.
In combination with highly charged AMP sequences, this results in an effective pinning of a large number of peptide charges in the polar headgroup region of the membrane, in turn facilitating membrane defect formation and rupture.
In the latter cases, membrane defect formation increases with the amount of peptide bound to the lipid membrane, hence high peptide adsorption at the membrane promotes AMP potency [30], [66], [67], [68].
Although the data reported here demonstrate that peptide-induced bacterial membrane damage correlates to membrane defect formation in a model lipid membrane system, additional studies are warranted in order to study the exact mode of action of human PrP and related peptides.
The fact that we did not isolate other mutants with cell envelope defects such as those from the Tat or Tol-Pal systems suggests that inability of the smpA mutant to grow on LIM media may not be directly related to its outer membrane defect.
This always, but not necessarily, occurs following a sinusoidal membrane defect or mitochondrial dysfunction.
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We examined whether Bruch membrane defects can be found also in patchy atrophy.
Conclusion: Gelatin sponge is successful at arresting the egress of fluid through membrane defects when smaller defects are present.
We show that potential gradients >∼150 mV induce membrane defects that permit the insertion of pore-forming peptides.
An analysis of the permeation data reveals a combination of Knudsen and convective transport through membrane defects.
It did not cause any operational problems in the membrane units and no membrane defects occurred during the entire trial period.
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