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The LDH leaking data showed membrane damage which was independent of nanoparticle concentrations for MNP-PEI.
It is known that irradiation induces membrane damage, which may result in changes in membrane fluidity and in increased apoptosis of irradiated cells (Berroud et al, 1996; Giusti et al, 1998; Vincent-Genod et al, 2001).
These necrotic cells were characterized by the rapid cell membrane damage which was detected by PI staining as early as 5 min in the cells treated with cationic carriers.
The main underlying mechanism of PES-induced PEL cell death was a detrimental lysosome membrane damage, which leads to cathepsin D release into the cytosol that mediated Bid cleavage, mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) release.
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Post treatment, investigations of PA-AgNPs on E. coli cells under SEM was found to be effective against cell membrane damages which leads to cell death or cell growth arrest.
Both compact and fibrous minerals inflict membrane damage, for which chemical mechanisms still leave uncertainty.
These cells also showed areas of badly disrupted cell membrane with irreparable damage, which was caused by exposure to NIR irradiation.
The decrease of cellular adhesion force suggested that the cell membrane was damaged, which was in accord with the results of AFM images (Figures 2, 3, and 4).
Our data shows that the ROS level in SH-SY5Y cells decreases in the HMF and no sign of oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage were observed, which eventually lead to increase in cell proliferation.
The possible mechanisms of H. pylori and H. felis cell death are due to membrane damage by AgNPs which relates to metal depletion, that is, the formation of pits in the outer membrane and change in membrane permeability by the progressive release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules and membrane proteins [90].
The 96-well format, and multiple readouts of host damage and metabolic alterations (through luminescence, chlorophyll fluorescence and Sytox Green® fluorescence indicative of membrane damage, all of which are quantitative measures) makes this an excellent system amenable to a wide variety of automation assisted high-throughput screens.
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