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Moreover, an imbalance in the redox metabolism and mitochondrial membrane damage has been implicated in adrenal toxicity of QdNOs.
Incorporation of TO-PRO-3-I into the cellular DNA as an index of membrane damage has been widely used in cell death analysis [17], [18], [24].
The ultimate stage of apoptosis or the first stage of necrosis was revealed by incorporation of PI, which enters into the cells when cell membrane damage has occurred.
In addition, PCI of scFvMEL/rGel was qualitatively assessed by fluorescence microscopy of the A375-GFP cells post treatment, since cellular leakage of GFP due to plasma membrane damage has been established as an method for assessment of cell death [22], [23].
Plasma membrane damage has also been suggested as an explanation of the fungicidal effects of chitosan in yeast and filamentous fungi [ 10, 12, 22, 23].
Erythrocyte membrane damage has also been associated with adhesion of erythrocytes and reticulocytes to trypanosome surfaces via sialic acid receptors leading to damages to erythrocyte cell membranes [ 27].
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Indications of reduced proliferation, mitochondrial damage, and cellular membrane damage have been apparent.
Calcein release upon CTL-induced membrane damage had been used as a fluorescence-based alternative to the chromium-release assay previously [ 13].
In this study, the progressive high temperature stress resulted in MDA concentrations that sharply increased after twelve hours of heat stress, indicating that membrane damage had occurred.
The change curve of the REL shown in Fig. 2a indicated that cold stress leading to a slight change of membrane stability from 3 to 24 h and the followed drastically increase elucidated that severe membrane damage had occurred after 24 h.
19, 23 Some LBs contain cargo membranes, but have incomplete or missing vesicle membranes surrounding them, suggesting that structural damage has occurred after their formation.
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