Although this strategy is implemented on a voluntary basis, more countries are assigning up to membership of these initiatives, building new benchmarks and peer pressure for their lagging neighbours.
After all, the federal debt-to-GDP ratio is still around 65% (compared with the 60% qualifying benchmark the European Union set for membership of the single-currency club).
Contextual effects of control and intervention group membership were each estimated in separate models versus the benchmark groups as the reference category using random effects meta-regression of group level logit transformed data.
Its benchmarks for countries range from trade union membership to property taxes.
There has been mounting pressure on healthcare organisations to improve quality of care, either by achieving certain quality benchmarks established by health authorities or through membership in regional and national QI initiatives.
The Nikkei has been reluctant to remix the index's membership because it did not want to risk losing its benchmark status or force fund managers to shuffle their holdings.
For the control groups versus the benchmark groups (Table 4; meta-regression models 1 to 3), membership of a control group of an SDD study was a consistently positive predictor.
For the intervention groups versus the benchmark groups (Table 5; meta-regression models 4 to 6), membership of an intervention group of an SDD study was a negative predictor of logit VAP-IP but not consistently significant.
Interactions from these data sources are benchmarked and scored against a common reference that joints membership of proteins in biological pathways, as annotated at KEGG [ 26].
