For some tumor suppressor genes such as Tp53, multiple family members have evolved to carry out certain differentiation functions separately from tumor suppression.
The first model (ωb) evaluated the background ratio of the whole family, assuming all members evolved at the same rate.
This implies that delta2 members evolved prior to the evolution of pkp4 members.
In this context, it is reasonable to assume that the Avsunviroidae family viroid members have probably evolved to subvert this signaling mechanism in order to regulate their differential traffic and accumulation into the chloroplast of infected plant cells.
The results of our study suggest that each CYP2D member in primates has evolved to retain different regioselectivity for a substrate in order to keep this function, and the moderate purifying selection may operate on each CYP2D gene, even though gene conversion widely affects the CYP2D genomic region.
Interestingly, the branches of the KLK10 clade are exceptionally long, suggesting that the KLK10 members evolved more rapidly compared to the other KLKs.
While it is clear that Hsp70-Ssa family members provide redundant functions within the yeast cell, it is also evident that within groups of highly homologous Hsp70s, family members may evolve to be much more efficient at aspects of these shared functions or have even developed new specific roles within the cell.
It seems likely that the monocot plants harbor a relatively larger bZIP family than the dicot plants, probably due to that the higher number of bZIP members evolved in monocots than in dicots after the divergence of monocots from dicots [ 9, 13].
Phylogenetic analysis supports previous theories that PTH-like family members evolved from a common ancestral precursor, from which tuberoinfundibular peptide 39 (TIP39) has also been suggested to have arisen [ 38].
Altogether, these data suggest that vertebrate FAK family members evolved from a common ancestral gene, which was duplicated in deuterostomes after the echinoderma embranchment, leading to the evolution of PYK2 with distinct properties.
