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The derivatives of gymnemic acids are several acylated tigloyl, methylbutyryl group substituted members, derived from deacylgymnemic acid (DAGA) which is a 3-O β-glucuronide of gymnemagenin (3 β, 16 β, 21 β, 22 α, 23, 28-hexahydroxy-olean-12-ene).
A numerical simulation was conducted for two types of single members derived from test specimens.
The gnathostome Dact gene family comprises four members, derived from a chordate-specific ancestor.
Indeed, two subfamilies (TaLTPIIa and TaLTPIj) appear to be paraphyletic, i.e. they do not include all the members derived from the same common ancestor.
As shown in the zoomed portion of Figure 2, there are 221 gene families, which are present in all PDGHM members derived from oral cavity, skin and UGT, but not in those derived from GIT.
At least in some cases the high degree of amino acid sequence similarities along with the conserved protein size within a regulatory protein family indicate that the respective family members derived from a common ancestor.
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For Newman, it is not the interests of the collectivity that derive from those of its members; the interests of members qua members derive from those of the collectivity of which they are members.
The phylogenetic history of the gene family is complex, as some members derive from an intron-less retrotransposed copy of the intron-containing ancestral DUX gene (39, 41).
Other components that potentially modulate signal transduction of TGF-β members derive from the large group of modulator proteins, e.g., noggin, follistatin, and members of the chordin and DAN family.
Only two subfamilies present a more complex organization and are paraphyletic (i.e. they do not include all the members deriving from their common ancestor; dotted brackets in Figure 7).
The DDX11L gene family members derive from a rearranged portion of the primate DDX11 gene (alias CHLR1, homologous to CHL helicase of Saccaromyces Cerevisiae), propagated among many subtelomeric locations (see table 1) as part of a segmental duplication [ 18].
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