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The war in Afghanistan was the first time that NATO invoked its Article 5, which requires collective defense of a member under attack.
Trump created alarm in Europe by making comments on the campaign trail in which he cast doubt on the whole basis of Nato, suggesting the US might not necessarily come to the aid of a member under attack.
He finds that a palpable American "presence" in Europe, and providing the additional military credibility necessary to back up NATO's Article 5 pledge to come to the aid of a member under attack, are the best response to his new threat assessment.
Under Article 5 of Nato's founding treaty, allies are bound to come to the aid of a member under attack.
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This union will put everything into supporting our members under attack".
On the common security and defence policy (CSDP) (5.1.2), the Lisbon Treaty introduces a mutual defence clause which provides that all Member States are obliged to provide help to a Member State under attack.
His successor as president, Andrzej Duda, a PiS member, came under attack from the opposition for putting party loyalty before the requirements of office.
European and NATO leaders have pointed out that the single time NATO nations came to the defense of a member nation under attack was on behalf of the United States following Sept. 11, 2001.
Article 5 of the Nato treaty commits allies to come to the aid of a member state under attack.
Trump has challenged the importance of NATO, the transatlantic military alliance born out of World War II, and shaken one of its pillars by saying he might not defend a member nation under attack from Russia or other invaders, as the treaty requires.
The mutual defence clause, requiring EU countries to help a member state under attack, was invoked for the first time by France in November in the wake of the terrorist attacks in Paris.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com