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Fire resistance is governed by steel strength, the member section factor, types of protective measure taken, and load.
Structural optimization was used to minimize the system mass subject to constraints on system stiffness and member section availability.
The design optimization method employs a multi-objective genetic algorithm to search for optimal member section sizes from among commercially available steel section shapes.
To develop a further understanding, parametric studies were performed, varying the span-to-thickness ratio, height-to-span ratio, ring, member section, joint bending behaviour, joint stiffness model, material property, load distribution, support condition and initial geometric imperfection.
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Design constraints include the limits on inter-story drift and plastic rotation of member sections.
Refined plastic-hinge methods allow the simulation of the combined effect of gradual joint-stiffness degradation, and distributed plasticity along the member length as well as across the member sections.
The design procedure starts with assumed member sections, continues with the drifts, damage, plastic rotation and plastic hinge pattern checks for the damage, the ultimate and the serviceable limit states and ends with the adjustment of member sizes.
This paper presents a new proportioning method for member sections of single layer reticulated domes based on linear buckling stress obtained from linear buckling analysis using geometric stiffness matrices.
Last week, in the face of opposition from some member sections, Amnesty staff had stressed sections of the text that underscored the group's opposition to sexual exploitation and the trafficking of sex workers.
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