Thymi from tamoxifen-treated 12-month-old Cre/+ R26Foxn1ER mice also exhibited increased numbers of medullary islets compared with age-matched controls, similar to juvenile thymi (Fig. 3B) (Griffith et al., 2012).
With a median observation period of 25.2 months, the OS of patients with abnormal medullary lesions appeared shorter compared with those without medullary lesions, and the presence of abnormal medullary lesions was shown to be an independent prognostic factor for OS on multivariate analysis.
In particular, metastatic lymph nodes show a higher percentage of cells positive for both HSP60 and HSP10 in the secondary follicles, and for HSP10 in the medullary sinuses, when compared with hyperplastic lymph nodes.
The incidence of high-risk CA was significantly increased in patients with abnormal medullary lesions of AS compared with those without medullary lesions (34.4% vs 7.7%, respectively; P=0.002), and patients with high-risk CA had significantly higher CTv than those without high-risk CA (mean CTv: 32.9 vs 4.85 HU; P=0.003).
However, the incidences of del(17p13) and amp(1q21), when compared with medullary myeloma, are significantly higher (P = 0.03 and 0.019, resp).
The presence of double-positive (CD44+/CD24+, n = 15) tumor cells was not associated with any tumor features, although an increase of tumors of medullary type was indicated compared with tumors lacking cells with this phenotype (23% versus 2%).
We found a significantly lower incidence of breast-ACC among Blacks than Whites, which contrasts with the twofold higher incidence of medullary breast cancer described among Blacks compared with Whites [ 3, 26].
Seven myeloma patients with BRAF V600E had significantly shorter OS (45 versus 105 months) and increased incidence of extra medullary disease (EMD; 57% versus 17%) compared with 251 patients with wild-type (wt) BRAF.
Histopathological examination using sections from the same Esrrg−/− embryonic kidneys, as shown in Figure 6, showed marked distortion of normal medullary architecture (Fig. 7D and F) compared with the wild-type (Fig. 7A C) in the presence of nearly normal cortical architecture and nephrogenesis (Fig. 7E).
Intriguingly, patients with abnormal medullary lesions showed higher incidences of high-risk CA, such as t(4 14), t(14 16) and deletion of 17p detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization, compared with those without abnormal medullary lesions.
