Histopathological examination using sections from the same Esrrg−/− embryonic kidneys, as shown in Figure 6, showed marked distortion of normal medullary architecture (Fig. 7D and F) compared with the wild-type (Fig. 7A C) in the presence of nearly normal cortical architecture and nephrogenesis (Fig. 7E).
Mice deficient in LT βR, its ligands, or downstream signal molecule nuclear factor- κB-inducing kinase (Nik) caused defects of thymic medulla development including disorganized medullary architecture, significant reduction in overall mTECs, and retention of T cell maturation with autoimmune disease [ 23– 25].
p52 deficiency results in less significant damage with little reduction in UEA-1+ and CD80hi mTEC but with no obvious medullary architecture changes [ 65].
H&E staining revealed a mature appearance for the small lymphocytic cells and a loss of cortical-medullary architecture in this thymic tumor (Figure 4A).
Breast cancers associated with BRCA1 mutations often show characteristic histological features including high grade, high mitotic count, solid architecture and prominent lymphocytic infiltrates, all features resembling so-called medullary cancer [ 2- 4].
Moreover, this is underpinned by the fact that the pig kidney is more similar to the human kidney than that of dog, rat or mice because of similar renal anatomy, architecture and lymphatic pattern, urinary concentrating ability, tolerance to ischaemia and medullary thickness [ 15, 16].
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