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Males have a larger fraction of neuropile occupied by the medulla and lobula than females.
This consists of three or four subunits: the lamina, the medulla, and lobula complex, the latter of which sometimes is divided into a lobula and lobula plate (Fischbach and Dittrich 1989; Strausfeld 1976).
Finally, we have analyzed the emergence of the discrete layers of the medulla and lobula complex using the same markers (DN-cadherin, Brp) employed to systematically explore the structure and development of the central brain neuropil.
The OLs consist of three layer structures: lamina, medulla, and lobula, from distal to proximal.
The cell bodies of T3 cells (Fig. 5A) cluster in the area between the medulla and lobula plate.
When applied to the Drosophila optic lobes distinct and strong immunolabeling was seen in the medulla and lobula complex, but not in the lamina (Figure S4C).
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Visual neuropils in Drosophila form the optic lobe, which consists of four serially arranged major subdivisions; the lamina, medulla, lobula and lobula plate; the latter three of these are further subdivided into multiple layers.
We identified 33 different types of neurons of the lamina, medulla, lobula and lobula plate.
In optic lobe sections, cortical regions (Figure 4B) surround the synaptic neuropils of the medulla, lobula, and lobula plate where Synaptotagmin I is localized (Figure 4A, C) [26].
Examination of more than 1,000 adult brains allowed us to identify 33 types of different candidate glutamatergic neurons of the lamina, medulla, lobula and lobula plate.
Under these conditions a widespread and rather evenly distributed expression of mCD8-GFP was observed in the lamina, medulla, lobula and lobula plate [34].
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