Reducing sugars in the medium were determined according to the Somogyi-Nelson (Nelson, [1944]) procedure.
The concentrations of GlcNAc, ethanol, and acetate in the culture medium were determined using HPLC (Shimadzu).
Besides, some physical and chemical properties of the growing medium were determined.
Concentrations of AA in medium were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with norleucine as an internal standard.
The stability constants of the complexes of the ligand with several metal cations in ethanol medium were determined.
The growth curves of C. cellulovorans on each medium were determined by bacterial protein estimation, as previously described (Raman et al. 2009) with small modifications.
Bulk density and water holding capacity of the medium were determined according to methods described in Okalebo et al. (2002) and Vengadaramana and Jashothan (2012), respectively.
The final Cd+2 ion concentrations in the desorption medium were determined using an AAS (AA400) as described above and calculated as in Eq. 1.
By use of the CMA 600M Microdialysis Analyser (CMA Microdialysis AB, Solna, Sweden), glucose concentrations present in the basal conditioned medium were determined following the manufacturer's protocol using the glucose reagent (CMA Microdialysis AB, Solna, Sweden; Barham and Trinder 1972).
The particle size, shape/morphology and nanoparticle distribution in the base medium were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a JEOL JEM2010 (JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan) operating at 200 kV with a beam current of 105 μA.
