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Insulin released into the medium was determined by ELISA and calculated as percentage of total insulin content in the islets.
Nitrate concentration in the culture medium was determined spectrophotometrically according to the method described by Collos et al. (1999).
Culture aliquots (10 mL) were harvested at the indicated time points and the amount of ustiloxin B in the culture medium was determined by LC-MS analysis.
An optimal incubation medium was determined as the pH 7.0 (sodium phosphate buffer), 20 g/L (d-glucose) and 24 h incubation time with the yields > 70%.
Following incubation in 1% serum, IL-8 expression in culture medium was determined by ELISA and expression and phosphorylation of specific signal transduction enzymes were determined by immunoblotting.
Nitrite concentration in the medium was determined using Griess reagent.
The activity of RDPE in the cells or medium was determined throughout all the cultivation process.
The concentration of ATH35L in cell culture medium was determined by a customized Octet assay.
In addition, the pH of the medium was determined periodically by pH meter LAQUA-2103ALL, Horiba, Japan).
Glucose and xylose in the fermentation medium was determined by a HPLC equipped with a fluorescence detector (RF-10AXL).
The sucrose concentration in the culture medium was determined by previously described methods for rice (Hirano and Sano 1998; Lee et al. 2000; Kobata et al. 2001).
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