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Treatment with Dkk1-conditioned medium or recombinant Dkk1 protein stabilized LRP6 with a prolonged half-life and induces LRP6 accumulation both at the cell surface and in endosomes.
Treatment of OECs with reactive astrocyte-conditioned medium or recombinant TNF-α induced a significant increase in the amount of phosphorylated ERK1/2, which was greatly attenuated by pretreatment of cells with PD98059, a selective MAPK inhibitor (Fig. 5B, C).
As shown in Fig. 5A and B, stimulation of OECs with reactive astrocyte-conditioned medium or recombinant TNF-α protein resulted in prominent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2).
In present study, we found that the amount of active ERK1/2 was significantly increased in OECs treated with reactive astrocyte-conditioned medium or recombinant TNF-α, which suggested that TNF-α binding to TNFR1 led to activation of ERK1/2 in OECs.
The cells were then treated with Sema3C-conditioned medium or recombinant protein for 30 min and changes of cell morphology were analyzed.
A volume of 100 µl of control medium or recombinant endostatin at 50, 500 and 500 ng/ml (n = 4) or angiogenin at 10, 100 and 1000 ng/ml (n = 4), with or without 10 ng/ml EGF, was added in serum-free media and spheroids were visualized after 24 h incubation using an Olympus 1X70 inverted microscope.
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Active TGFβ was determined after overnight incubation of the reporter cells with conditioned medium or with recombinant human TGFβ1 standards.
The plate was blocked in 1 μg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (4 hours) prior to incubation with 200 μL of conditioned medium or serially diluted recombinant elafin (Calbiochem, Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) as a control.
Pretreating OECs with this pharmacological inhibitor blocked the activation of ERK1/2 and greatly attenuated the migration of these cells induced by reactive astrocyte-conditioned medium, glial scar tissue, or recombinant TNF-α.
To induce angiogenesis, 33 μl of either the culture medium to be tested or recombinant human basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) (R&D Systems) (positive control) were next placed inside the rings on successive days for 3 days.
Differentiated human adipocytes were incubated with either RPMI-1640 (control), MC medium, MC medium neutralized by an IL-1β antibody (R&D), MC medium neutralized by an IL-1β antibody and a TNFα antibody (R&D), mouse IgG (Sigma), or MC medium with recombinant IL-1RA (Sigma) for 24 h.
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