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The medium was exchanged with fresh medium lacking phenol red.
For negative controls, unstimulated neutrophils in regular RPMI medium lacking phenol red were used.
Briefly, 18-days old BMMCs were washed with PBS and resuspended in culture medium lacking phenol red.
After 6 h, the medium was replaced again with serum-free medium lacking phenol red and supplemented with 1% CS-FBS, treatments were added at this point and cells were incubated for an additional 18 h.
However, oestradiol interferes with the effects of trastuzumab on HER-2 signalling and phenol red acts as an oestradiol-like factor (Treeck et al, 2003); therefore, before any in vitro study, OVCAR-3 cells were cultured for a week in an otherwise identical medium lacking phenol red.
TEC were cultured on 24-well plates (Falcon Labware, Oxnard, CA, USA) at a concentration of 5 × 104 cells/well and incubated with different plasma concentrations and 250 μg/ml XTT (Sigma, St . Louis MO, USA) in a medium lacking phenol red.
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For experimental purposes, the cells were maintained in the same culture medium but lacking phenol red and containing charcoal-stripped FBS.
Bacteria were grown in Luria Bertani broth (LB) or Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) lacking phenol red (Gibco-BRL), without antibiotics and bovine fetal serum at 37°C without shaking.
The EPEC E2348/69 strain was grown in LB broth overnight at 37°C without shaking, OD600 was taken to measure the number of bacteria, and then diluted 1∶100 into Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) lacking phenol red (Gibco-BRL) with 0.56 mg/ml of peptides into 12-well plates.
Complete medium was composed of IF-M1 medium (Biolog, US) lacking phenol red, glucose, and glutamine, supplemented with 3.75% FBS, 1.25% chicken serum (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), 11 mM glucose, and 2 mM glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany).
Cell culture medium was exchanged to DMEM lacking phenol red and supplemented with sodium pyruvate and HEPES buffer on the day of data collection.
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