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A medium energy range (117 362.5 mJ/cm2) would actually reduce field enhancement and increase the threshold field because of the increased size of the same sp2 clusters.
Estimated variation of ripple wavelength with ion energy under this assumption is found to be in qualitative agreement with experimental observations in the medium energy range.
Another result of high activity during this period is the measurement of successive energy time dispersion signatures which spread over the medium energy range, especially around 14 16 UT.
In order to measure ions in the medium energy range (10 180 keV/q), the MEP-i employs a cusp-type ESA (Kasahara et al. 2006), developed to extend the uppermost energy using a feasible sensor size (see Fig. 4).
The MEP-i has successfully started measurements of the three-dimensional distribution functions for H+, He++, He+, O++, and N+/O+ in the medium energy range (10 180 keV/q) in the Earth's inner magnetosphere.
The E/q spectra over the medium energy range between 10 and 180 keV/q are obtained by sweeping the high voltages from 0 V to + 5 kV and to − 5 kV, which are applied to the outer and inner electrodes of ESA, respectively.
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It measures the energy and direction of each incoming electron in the medium-energy range (7 87 keV).
The velocity distribution functions over the medium-energy range are obtained by sweeping the high voltage applied to the ESA (thus scanning energy) and determining the incoming directions by sensing each signal with discrete detectors.
The APDs are used instead of the classical electron detectors, such as microchannel plates (MCPs) and channel electron multipliers (CEMs), because the quantum efficiencies of MCPs and CEMs fall off at energies above a few keV and it has been difficult to accurately predict the efficiency curve for the medium-energy range.
The instruments at IPNS are continually being upgraded and evaluated; a significantly improved quasielastic neutron spectrometer was commissioned in 2000, and a similar enhancement on the high-resolution, medium-energy-range chopper spectrometer is currently underway.
The hybrid composite coupons with foam insertion showed medium energy absorption, ranging between the glass fibre and the carbon fibre composite coupons, but the highest crush force efficiency among all designs.
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