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For osteoblast differentiation, the hEBs were plated in Matrigel-coated dishes and cultured in medium containing osteogenic supplements and 0.1 mM L-ascorbic acid (Sigma), 10 mM β-glycerophosphate (Sigma), and 0.1 mM dexamethasone (Sigma) for 3 4 weeks.
The cells grown in regular medium were used as the negative control (NC), and those in mineralizing medium containing osteogenic supplements (OS) were the positive control.
We cultured the negative control cells in regular medium and the positive control cells in mineralizing medium containing osteogenic supplements (OS) including ascorbic acid (0.05 mg/mL), β-glycerophosphate (10 mM), and dexamethasone (10−7 M).
Therefore, the hexosamine-treated DPSCs were continuously cultured in mineralizing medium containing osteogenic supplements (OS) for an additional 7 and 14 days (14 + 7 d and 14 + 14 d).
Osteogenic differentiation of normal and OA SBOs (20,000 cells per well) was performed in (D MEM medium containing osteogenic supplements (10 nM dexamethasone, 10 mM β-glycero-phosphate, 50 μg/mL ascorbic acid) on coverslips (NUNC, Roskilde, Denmark) (placed on 24 well plates) for five weeks.
For osteogenic differentiation, ASCs were cultured in 6-well plates in CCM until 70%% confluent and medium was replaced with fresh medium containing osteogenic supplements, consisting of 50 μM ascorbate 2-phosphate (Sigma), 10 mM β-glycerol phosphate (Sigma), and 10 nM dexamethasone.
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In addition to the complete switch to serum containing osteogenic medium for the last culture week, samples were maintained on chondrogenic medium with β-glycerophosphate to achieve mineralisation of the matrix as observed previously [ 6].
AFSC-seeded scaffolds were cultured for 1 or 2 weeks in an osteochondral-defined culture medium containing both osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation factors.
Of these, 2 of each were induced with medium containing either osteogenic supplemented (OS), adipogenic supplemented (AS) or myogenic supplemented (MS) media (Supplementary Methods S1), and the remaining 3 were treated with SM containing 2% FBS as negative controls.
To study the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, osteogenic medium containing 10 8 M dexamethasone, 50 μ g/mL L-2-ascorbic acid, and 10 mM β -glycerophosphate were used.
Osteogenic differentiation was induced using either a classical osteogenic medium (containing dexamethasone) or medium containing autologous growth factors (PL) that was shown to promote MSCs differentiation [ 19, 28].
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