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The medium, which contained floating cells, was exchanged for fresh medium at Day 3. At 10 days of culture, adherent cells with a spindle-like morphology were counted under an inverted microscope.
Cells in proliferation medium at day 5 (Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 gene expression) and in osteogenic medium at days 7 and 14 (ALP, Runx-2, and OC gene expression) were washed twice with PBS.
Cells were seeded into a petri dish and cultured for 6 days, replacing half of the medium with fresh medium at day 3.
For infection, all animals were placed individually in 20 mL of medium at day three of the experiment and were exposed on three consecutive days to a total of ca. 12,000 P. ramosa spores per individual (4,000 spores per day) in the first generation experiment and to a total of ca. 6,000 spores per individual (2,000 spores per day) in the second generation experiment.
To achieve gene recombination and obtain epsin triple KO cells and their controls, cells were cultured for 7 days with addition of OHT (Sigma-Aldrich) to the culture medium at day 1 (3 μM) and day 4 (1 μM), a two-step 7-day long process.
Cells were covered with 2% ESC qualified-Matrigel diluted in N2B27 medium at day 7.
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Collagen degradation as measured by hydroxyproline release into the medium started at day 21 and rapidly progressed thereafter: after 35 38 days, the cartilage tissue was almost completely dissolved.
As can be seen in Figure 5(a), the virus replicated efficiently, resulting in titers of 1 × 10 CCin50/mL in the culture medium already at day 3 after infection, which remained stable for at least the following 3 days.
Furthermore, by refreshing organoid medium and adding luciferin every 5 days (arrows, Fig. 3E), we were able to extend the duration of detectable circadian PER2 oscillations up to 15 days, with a reset of PER2 oscillations following the second medium change at day 10.
Cultures were changed into ES cell medium (serum/LIF) at day 3 posttransduction.
Data on figure 2 shows the level of CTXI and CTXII in the conditioned medium collected at day 28, representing the pattern seen throughout day 9 28.
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