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b, c CT images after contrast medium administration in the arterial-pancreatic phase (a) and portal-venous phase (b): the neoplasm is hypodense, with progressive contrast enhancement.
b, c CT images after contrast medium administration in the arterial-pancreatic (b) and portal-venous phase (c): progressive enhancement of the neoplasm is visible.
b, c, d CT images after contrast medium administration in the arterial-pancreatic phase (a) and portal-venous phase (b, c): the neoplasm protrudes in the duodenum (arrow), as better demonstrated on coronal reconstruction (d).
b, c CT images after contrast medium administration in the arterial-pancreatic phase (a) and portal-venous phase (b): the arteries and veins (arrows) are encased but not infiltrated.
More recently a report on the effects of distal extremity limited volume intra-arterial contrast medium administration in horses showed 4% developing anaphylactoid reactions (urticaria and edema) whilst 5% developed a temporary increase in heart rate and blood pressure [ 34].
CIN is commonly defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration >0.5 mg/dL or greater than 25% of its previous value within 3 days after contrast medium administration, in the absence of other different causes [ 3].
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Abnormal contrast enhancement was reported in 4 cases after IA contrast medium administration and in 6 cases after IV contrast medium administration (Table 1).
One of the major new things in the guideline is the fact that the route of contrast medium administration is discriminative in assessing the risk.
An important consequence of this finding is that contrast medium administration is needless in these cases.
No clinically significant effect of repeated contrast medium administration was determined in this limited study.
It was hypothesized that, the IA contrast medium administration technique would result in a similar or higher contrast enhancement using a lower volume of contrast medium compared to the IV technique.
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