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ADHD medication shopping behavior is not common, the prevalence observed in the present study was <1%.
The limitations of the present study include the fact that it is likely to underestimate the prevalence of ADHD medication shopping behavior, the distance travelled and the proportion of subjects who cross state lines to obtain ADHD medications.
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Results: Of a total of 4 402 464 subjects exposed to ADHD medications, 0.4% developed shopping behavior.
A total of 4 402 464 subjects were dispensed at least one ADHD medication, 0.45% developed any type of shopping behavior (0.4% developed shopping behavior, and 0.05% developed heavy shopping behavior).
Confidence in the medical system played a significant role in participants' doctor shopping behavior.
Of the 18 130 subjects who exhibited ADHD shopping or heavy shopping behavior, 27.3% paid in cash for at least one ADHD medication prescription compared to 14.4% of the non-shoppers (p < 0.0001).
An inference from these findings would be that the above definition of shopping behavior is a marker for abuse or diversion of ADHD medications.
For example, prescription monitoring programs collect data on controlled substances such as ADHD medications and opioids dispensed in the state in order to identify and deter drug abuse and shopping behavior (5, 6), but these programs are based on statewide electronic databases.
Website design significantly affects online shopping behavior.
Some shopping behavior is just a form of recreation.
Shifts in shopping behavior.
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