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Manganese and iron act as mediators to transfer electrons to oxygen.
Two different compounds, namely ferrocyanide (Fe) and meldola's blue (MB), were used as mediators to transfer electrons between the enzymes and the electrode.
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Electron transfer through mediators: Few genera of bacteria such as Shewanella and Pseudomonas secrete some chemical species such as flavins called shuttle molecules to transfer electrons from the outer membrane of bacteria to electrodes [15, 16].
Unlike Geobacter sp. that requires direct contact to the electrode surface [72], Shewanella sp. can use additional mediators to facilitate electron transfer outside the cell membrane [27].
Further, while both cell-mediated immune (CMI) and antibody-mediated immune (AMI) mediators are transferred to neonates via colostrum, the amount of transferred maternal antibodies can often be correlated to the level of inhibition of neonatal AMI responses.
Carbon nanotubes have been attracting a lot of interest as electron transfer mediators to enhance electrochemical biosensing.
Furthermore, nanomaterials offer catalytic properties and capability to act as electron-transfer mediators to improve analytical reaction in microfluidic methods [ 27].
Originally, Wu et al. used the sandwich assay in combination with a screen-printed carbon electrode array and electron-transfer mediators to develop disposable ECIAs for a low-cost multiplexed immunoassay of proteins.
Taking advantage of the facile kinetics displayed by other redox species, these are used at micromolar concentrations as mediators to catalytically amplify the electron transfer of the ferri-ferrocyanide couple at the SAM.
Mediated electron transfer (MET) employs redox mediators to shuttle redox equivalents or allow electron hopping between the enzyme and the electrode and has been widely applied to solve this problem.
Furthermore, it has been confirmed that reduced manganese oxide can readily be reoxidized by dioxygen, meaning that manganese oxide can play as an electron-transfer mediator to generate a rapid electron-transfer path during oxidation reactions [27].
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