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Previous studies showed that some inflammatory mediators can modulate the sensitivity of the cough reflex [ 14, 15].
In this regard, leukotrienes can modulate the generation of a variety of mediators, and other mediators can modulate leukotriene actions by influencing both their synthesis and the expression of their receptors.
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Cleavage of these immune mediators by MMPs can modulate their activity [25].
Lastly, we demonstrated how other algogenic mediators like NGF, can modulate the plasticity of P2X2 and P2X3 subunits to amplify painful signals.
Finally, activation of glial cells with release of pronociceptive mediators can directly modulate neuronal excitability and thus pain transmission, contributing to central sensitization and to the occurrence of neuropathic pain [ 5].
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important mediator of inflammation that can modulate T helper (TH) cells towards a preferential TH2 subgroup [ 5] and in this way regulate cooperator and effector macrophage functions.
According to this, a recent study showed the existence of "mediators" (i.e. proteins) that can modulate ADAR2 efficiency [ 32].
Several studies have now reported that endocannabinoids can modulate the release of proinflammatory mediators via CB2R-related pathways.
Our findings that sequential pro-inflammatory insults result in decreased expression of IL-1ra and IL-10, cytokines that can modulate the effect of inflammatory mediators in the hypothalamus, may further contribute to aggravate the alterations referred to.
The activated STAT1 pathway can modulate the expression of numerous inflammatory mediators, including chemokines [ 14].
A number of small studies suggest that acupuncture can modulate levels of cytokines and other anti-inflammatory mediators, although the net effect of these changes is not necessarily anti-inflammatory nor would they predictably attenuate allergic disease [ 8].
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