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Moreover, neuropeptides and mast cell-released mediators can act on other neighboring target cells, including keratinocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils and fibroblasts, leading to the disruption of skin homeostasis, with abnormal skin growth, differentiation, and/or immunomodulation (Shim et al., 2007; Trevisani et al., 2007; Wilson et al., 2013b; Patricio et al., 2015).
Oxidants and inflammatory mediators can act directly in the brain, as evidenced by the involvement of oxidative stress in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (Chong et al. 2005).
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It is now accepted that resolution of inflammation is an active process mediated by a group of mediators that can act in synchrony to switch the phenotype of cells, from a proinflammatory one to another that favors the return to homeostasis.
One likely mechanism whereby particulate debris may induce osteoclast generation and activation is an indirect one, mediated through the actions of proinflammatory mediators that can act on osteoclast precursors and, most importantly, modulate the RANKL/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio through actions on cells within the periprosthetic tissue.
The pathophysiology of MODS in SAP appears to be related to the systemic activation of various effector cells and inflammatory mediators that can act on remote organs [ 28].
Particularly intriguing is emerging data suggesting that mitochondria emit molecular signals (e.g. reactive oxygen species, proteins and lipid mediators) that can act locally or travel to distant targets including the nucleus.
In fact, melanocytes have a complex network of functions and mediators; they can act as local stress sensors in the epidermis, as neuroendocrine cells, and as regulators of skin immune responses by producing several cytokines and other factors, including IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-3 and nitric oxide [ 34, 41].
Taken together, mediator lipids can act as molecular modulators or as biomarkers for infection.
Thus, the Mediator complex can act as a co-activator, co-repressor and general TF (Kornberg 2007).
Specifically, SHC1 is a key signaling mediator, and can act as a scaffold between an activated receptor and downstream signaling proteins [ 39].
Both histamine and TNF-α are potent preformed mast cell mediators and they can act simultaneously after release from mast cells.
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